1935 in science

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The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

May 14 – Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
October 3 – Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.

Chemistry

February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.^[1]
April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.^[2]
Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.^[3]
Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.^[4]^[5] It has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Ecology

English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.^[9]^[10]

Geology

Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.

History of science and technology

American bacteriologist Hans Zinsser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.^[11]
Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England.

Mathematics

April 19 – Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.^[12]
Octav Onicescu and Gheorghe Mihoc develop the notion of the "chain with complete links" in probability theory.^[13]
George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.^[14]
George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.^[15]

Pharmacology

January 2 – IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.^[16]

Physics

January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;^[17] on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).^[18] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.^[19]
Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;^[20] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.

Physiology and medicine

January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
May – The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.^[21] In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.^[22] A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.^[23]
Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy.
First vaccine for yellow fever.
German physician Karl Matthes develops the first two-wavelength ear O₂ saturation meter.^[24]

Technology

January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.^[25]
June 12 – Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.^[26]
July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]
November 6
- Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
- First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton.
Helical lobe rotary-screw compressor patented by Alf Lysholm of Ljungstroms Angturbin in Sweden.

Events

September 16–21 – First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.^[35]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – James Chadwick
- Chemistry – Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
- Medicine – Hans Spemann

Births

January 26 – Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer.
January 29 – Roger Payne (died 2023), American biologist and zoologist.^[36]
February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.^[37]
February 27 – Anne Treisman, née Taylor (died 2018), English-born psychologist.
April 11 – Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher.
April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.^[38]
June 1 – Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta (died 2017), French-born mathematician.^[39]^[40]
June 14 – Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician.
June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist.
June 30 – Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor.
July 2 – Sergei Khrushchev, Soviet, Russian and American control engineer (died 2020).^[41]
July 7 – H. Franklin Bunn, American physician, hematologist and biochemist.
July 12 – Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[42]
July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[43]
August 3 – Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut.
August 26 – Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist.
September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
September 12 – Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize.
September 19 – Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer
October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
October 26 – Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher.
October 31 – Ronald Graham (died 2020), American mathematician.
November 16 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.
November 20 – Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer.
December 27 – Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist.

Deaths

February 15 – Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (born 1855)^[44]
March 7 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (born 1857)^[45]
March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist.
March 16 – John Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[46]
May 12 – Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon.
May 21 – Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (born 1848)^[47]
July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer.^[48]
August 21 – Kintarô Okamura (born 1867), Japanese phycologist.
September 19 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist (born 1857)^[49]
September 28 – W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.^[50]
December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[51]
November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist.
November 21 – Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist.^[52]
December 10 – Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash).
December 12 – Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist.
December 13 – Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1871)^[53]

References

^ Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
^ Hodgkin, D. (1935). "X-ray single crystal photographs of insulin". Nature. 135 (3415). London: 591–2. Bibcode:1935Natur.135..591C. doi:10.1038/135591a0. S2CID 4121225.
^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 978-1438118826
^ "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1935.
^ Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.
^ The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x.
^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser". About.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
^ American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.
^ "Romanian Inventions". The Reminder (46): 7 (supplement). June 1983.
^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.
^ Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.
^ Magazines, Hearst (June 1935). "Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
^ ""Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
^ Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" [The present situation in quantum mechanics]. Naturwissenschaften. 23 (49): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891. S2CID 206795705.
^ Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'État. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.
^ David K. G.; Dingemanse, E.; Freud, J. L. (May 1935). "Über krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron" [On crystalline male hormone from testicles (testosterone) effective as from urine or from cholesterol]. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (in German). 233 (5–6): 281–83. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281.
^ Butenandt, A.; Hanisch, G. (1935). "Ũber die Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosterons in Androstenol-(17)-one-(3) (Testosterone): um Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons auf Cholesterin (Vorlauf Mitteilung)" [The conversion of dehydroandrosterone into androstenol-(17)-one-3 (testosterone): a method for the production of testosterone from cholesterol (preliminary communication)]. Chemische Berichte (in German). 68 (9): 1859–62. doi:10.1002/cber.19350680937.
^ Ruzicka, L.; Wettstein, A. (1935). "Ũber die kristallinische Herstellung des Testikelhormons, Testosteron (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)" [The crystalline production of the testicle hormone, testosterone (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 18: 1264–75. doi:10.1002/hlca.193501801176.
^ Matthes, K. (1935). "Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffsättigung des menschlichen Arterienblutes" [Studies on the Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Human Blood]. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 179 (6): 698–711. doi:10.1007/BF01862691. S2CID 24678464.
^ Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1007/BF03373561. JSTOR 25616219. S2CID 160267011.
^ US 2074079, Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H., "Torque measuring wrench", published 1937-03-16
^ United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.
^ "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Magazines, Hearst (October 1935). "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519.
^ "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.
^ Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.
^ Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Stadler, Friedrich (2015) [2001]. The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism. Vienna Circle Institute library. Vol. 4 (Abridged and revised ed.). Cham: Springer Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5. ISBN 9783319165608. OCLC 911018849.^: 171
^ Roger Searle Payne (1962). The Acoustical Location of Prey by the Barn Owl (Tyto Alba). Cornell University, Feb.
^ "Roger B. Chaffee | American astronaut". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "James Peebles". Nobel Prize. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
^ Steenstrup, Bjørn, ed. (1973). "Tjøtta, Jacqueline Andrée Naze". Hvem er hvem? (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 564. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ Berntsen, Jarle; Lunde, Per (2017-03-16). "Nekrolog: Jacqueline Andreè Naze Tjøtta". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ S. Gerovitch (16 December 2014). Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-137-48179-5.
^ Heterocycles. Sendai Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2006. p. 7.
^ John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1987). Reports of the President and of the Treasurer. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. p. 77.
^ Collection des travaux chimiques de Tchécoslovaquie. Tiskárna "Politika". 1935. p. 51.
^ Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915 (Public domain ed.). American commonwealth Company. p. 235.
^ Aberdeen University Review. Aberdeen University Press. 1989. p. 290.
^ Hall, A. D. (1935). "Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (4): 371–373. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002.
^ Reynolds, John (1996). André Citroën : the man and the motor cars. Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 203. ISBN 9780750912587.
^ Dan Golenpaul (1990). Information Please Almanac, Atlas and Yearbook. Doubleday. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-395-51177-0.
^ Spehr, Paul C. (2011). "Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46453. Retrieved 21 April 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 243. ISBN 9780824708764.
^ Creese, Mary (2004). Ladies in the laboratory II : West European women in science, 1800-1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780810849792.
^ Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier. 1993. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-7172-2047-2.

[1] Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.

[2] Hodgkin, D. (1935). "X-ray single crystal photographs of insulin". Nature. 135 (3415). London: 591–2. Bibcode:1935Natur.135..591C. doi:10.1038/135591a0. S2CID 4121225.

[3] Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 978-1438118826

[4] "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1935.

[5] Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[6] Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[7] "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[8] "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[9] Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.

[10] The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x.

[11] Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser". About.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-10-26.

[12] American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.

[13] "Romanian Inventions". The Reminder (46): 7 (supplement). June 1983.

[14] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[15] Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.

[16] Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.

[17] Magazines, Hearst (June 1935). "Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.

[18] ""Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2011-04-10.

[19] Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" [The present situation in quantum mechanics]. Naturwissenschaften. 23 (49): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891. S2CID 206795705.

[20] Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'État. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.

[21] David K. G.; Dingemanse, E.; Freud, J. L. (May 1935). "Über krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron" [On crystalline male hormone from testicles (testosterone) effective as from urine or from cholesterol]. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (in German). 233 (5–6): 281–83. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281.

[22] Butenandt, A.; Hanisch, G. (1935). "Ũber die Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosterons in Androstenol-(17)-one-(3) (Testosterone): um Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons auf Cholesterin (Vorlauf Mitteilung)" [The conversion of dehydroandrosterone into androstenol-(17)-one-3 (testosterone): a method for the production of testosterone from cholesterol (preliminary communication)]. Chemische Berichte (in German). 68 (9): 1859–62. doi:10.1002/cber.19350680937.

[23] Ruzicka, L.; Wettstein, A. (1935). "Ũber die kristallinische Herstellung des Testikelhormons, Testosteron (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)" [The crystalline production of the testicle hormone, testosterone (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 18: 1264–75. doi:10.1002/hlca.193501801176.

[24] Matthes, K. (1935). "Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffsättigung des menschlichen Arterienblutes" [Studies on the Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Human Blood]. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 179 (6): 698–711. doi:10.1007/BF01862691. S2CID 24678464.

[25] Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1007/BF03373561. JSTOR 25616219. S2CID 160267011.

[26] US 2074079, Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H., "Torque measuring wrench", published 1937-03-16

[27] United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.

[28] "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[29] "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[30] Magazines, Hearst (October 1935). "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519.

[31] "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.

[32] Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[33] The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.

[34] Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[35] Stadler, Friedrich (2015) [2001]. The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism. Vienna Circle Institute library. Vol. 4 (Abridged and revised ed.). Cham: Springer Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5. ISBN 9783319165608. OCLC 911018849.^: 171

[36] Roger Searle Payne (1962). The Acoustical Location of Prey by the Barn Owl (Tyto Alba). Cornell University, Feb.

[37] "Roger B. Chaffee | American astronaut". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 January 2021.

[38] "James Peebles". Nobel Prize. Retrieved August 5, 2021.

[39] Steenstrup, Bjørn, ed. (1973). "Tjøtta, Jacqueline Andrée Naze". Hvem er hvem? (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 564. Retrieved 2017-04-09.

[40] Berntsen, Jarle; Lunde, Per (2017-03-16). "Nekrolog: Jacqueline Andreè Naze Tjøtta". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-04-09.

[41] S. Gerovitch (16 December 2014). Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-137-48179-5.

[42] Heterocycles. Sendai Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2006. p. 7.

[43] John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1987). Reports of the President and of the Treasurer. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. p. 77.

[44] Collection des travaux chimiques de Tchécoslovaquie. Tiskárna "Politika". 1935. p. 51.

[45] Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915 (Public domain ed.). American commonwealth Company. p. 235.

[46] Aberdeen University Review. Aberdeen University Press. 1989. p. 290.

[47] Hall, A. D. (1935). "Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (4): 371–373. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002.

[48] Reynolds, John (1996). André Citroën : the man and the motor cars. Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 203. ISBN 9780750912587.

[49] Dan Golenpaul (1990). Information Please Almanac, Atlas and Yearbook. Doubleday. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-395-51177-0.

[50] Spehr, Paul C. (2011). "Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46453. Retrieved 21 April 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[51] Leroy, Francis (2003). A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 243. ISBN 9780824708764.

[52] Creese, Mary (2004). Ladies in the laboratory II : West European women in science, 1800-1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780810849792.

[53] Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier. 1993. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-7172-2047-2.

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