Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
| Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | Bacillus |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | B. t. israelensis
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Barjac, 1978
| |
Bacillus thuringiensis serotype israelensis (Bti) is a group of bacteria used as biological control agents for larvae stages of certain dipterans. Bti produces toxins which are effective in killing various species of mosquitoes, fungus gnats, and blackflies, while having almost no effect on other organisms. The major advantage of B. thuringiensis products is that they are thought to affect few non-target species. However, even though Bti may have minimal direct effects on non-target organisms, it may potentially be associated with knock-on effects on food webs and other ecosystem properties, including biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.[1]
Bti strains possess the pBtoxis plasmid which encodes numerous Cry (a δ-endotoxin) and Cyt toxins, including Cry4, Cry10, Cry11, Cyt1, and Cyt2. The crystal aggregation which these toxins form contains at least four major toxic components, but the extent to which each Cry and Cyt protein is represented is not known and likely to vary with strain and formulation. Both Cry and Cyt proteins are pore-forming toxins; they lyse midgut epithelial cells by inserting into the target cell membrane and forming pores.[2]
Commercial formulations include "Mosquito Dunks", "Mosquito Bits", and "VectoBac". It is also available in bulk liquid or granular formulations for commercial and public agency use.
Discovery
[edit]Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) was discovered in 1976 by Yoel Margalith, a professor at Ben Gurion University in Israel.[3]
The initial field tests of Bti were conducted in 1978 against the floodwater mosquito species Aedes vexans in the River Rhine Valley of Germany.[3] This early experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of Bti in controlling mosquito populations, leading to its widespread adoption. Over the years, Bti has been extensively used by various organizations, including the German Mosquito Control Association, Kommunale Aktionsgemeinschaft zur Bekämpfung der Schnakenplage e.V. (KABS), which has utilized Bti for almost four decades without encountering resistance issues.[3]
Today, Bti is utilized globally across all continents to manage mosquito populations, although controlling certain vector species like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains challenging due to their breeding habits in small and hidden containers.[3]
Long name
[edit]Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis strain EG2215
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Land, M, Bundschuh, M, Hopkins, RJ, et al. (2019). "What are the effects of control of mosquitoes and other nematoceran Diptera using the microbial agent Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? A systematic review protocol". Environ Evid. 8 (32). doi:10.1186/s13750-019-0175-1.
- ^ Bravo A, Gill S, Soberón M (2007). "Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control". Toxicon. 49 (4): 423–35. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.022. PMC 1857359. PMID 17198720.
- ^ a b c d "Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)". Biologisk Myggkontroll.
External links
[edit]- Bacillus thuringiensis fact sheet
- EPA Controlling Mosquitoes at the Larval Stage Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
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