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Guinobatan

Coordinates: 13°11′N 123°36′E / 13.18°N 123.6°E / 13.18; 123.6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Guinobatan
Municipality
Municipality of Guinobatan
Guinobatan Municipal Hall
Guinobatan Municipal Hall
Flag of Guinobatan
Flag
Nickname: 
The Sparkling Gem of Bicol
Map of Albay with Guinobatan highlighted
Map of Albay with Guinobatan highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
Guinobatan is located in Philippines
Guinobatan
Guinobatan
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 13°11′N 123°36′E / 13.18°N 123.6°E / 13.18; 123.6
CountryPhilippines
RegionBicol Region
ProvinceAlbay
District 3rd district
Founded1688
Founded byDon Francisco Bagamasbad
Barangays44 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Bayan
 • MayorPaul "Chino" N. Garcia (PDP)
 • Vice MayorAnn Y. Ongjoco (NUP)
 • RepresentativeFernando T. Cabredo
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electorate58,205 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
 • Total244.43 km2 (94.37 sq mi)
Elevation
169 m (554 ft)
Highest elevation
474 m (1,555 ft)
Lowest elevation
59 m (194 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total85,786
 • Density350/km2 (910/sq mi)
 • Households
20,327
DemonymGuinobateño Guinobatanon
Economy
 • Income class1st municipal income class
 • Poverty incidence
21.90
% (2021)[4]
 • Revenue₱ 273.4 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 814.1 million (2020), 263 million (2012)
 • Expenditure₱ 263.6 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 249.1 million (2020)
Service provider
 • ElectricityAlbay Electric Cooperative (ALECO)
 • WaterGuinobatan Water District
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
4503
PSGC
050504000
IDD : area code +63 (0)52
Native languagesTagalog, East Miraya, Bikol
Feast dateAugust 15
Catholic dioceseDiocese of Legazpi
Patron saintNuestra Señora de la Asuncion
Websitewww.guinobatan.gov.ph

Guinobatan, officially the Municipality of Guinobatan (Central Bikol: Banwaan kan Guinobatan; East Miraya Bikol: Banwa ning Guinobatan; Tagalog: Bayan ng Guinobatan;ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ ᜄᜒᜈᜓᜊᜆᜈ᜔), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 85,786 people.[3]

The town is the birthplace of General Simeón Ola, the last Filipino general to surrender to the Americans after the Philippine–American War.

History

[edit]

Legend

[edit]

In the research work "Guinobatan Through the Times," the following version of the legend is stated:

  • In a region on Mayon's slopes lay a village. It was dotted with huts whose roofs were made of nipa, as well as with a number of stone houses. In the village was a church, and inside the belfry was a Golden Bell. So great was the bell that when rung, the sound could be heard from miles away. The sound could even reach the land of the Moros. The Moros, made curious by the sound of the bell, sent spies so that they would know what kind of bell was producing so loud and peculiar a sound. The spies were amazed and surprised to find out that the townspeople rang was made of pure gold. They went back to the land of the Moros eager to report their findings to their superiors. Motivated by greed, the Moros assembled a squad to plunder the bell. When they arrived at the village, they pillaged the community and torched houses. They attempted to force the people to tell them where the Golden Bell was. Their attempts failed. Many were still able to flee. The fleeing townsfolk knew where the bell was, and they hid the bell underneath the roots of trees. However, an old man was left in the village. As he was the only person left in the town; Moros tortured him so that he would tell the raiders where the Golden Bell was. The old man, however, did not know. Finding no use for the old man, the Moros killed him. They tried to pursue the townspeople, but they were too far away to be captured. Instead, they went to the woods in search of the Golden Bell. They uprooted every tree underneath which they believed the Golden Bell was hidden. Their efforts proved futile. Hence, with empty hands the Moros went back to their land, while the townspeople went back to the village to rebuild their lives, which had always been under threat from Moro pillagers and natural calamities; from bad harvests and oppressive encomienderos. The townspeople also kept the valued Golden Bell safe from anyone who tried to steal it. Seeing the uprooted trees, the townsfolk named their area “Guinobatan” meaning “a place where trees were uprooted.” So ends the legend.[5]

Some versions also state that the town's name is derived from Ginabutan, meaning "a place where trees or plants were uprooted."[6]

History under foreign rule

[edit]

Luis Née, a botanist, reached Bicol in January 1792, accompanying the expedition of Capt. Alejandro Malaspina. Née explored towns near Mayon and including the area now known as Guinobatan. He noted that "trees grew in exuberance making the foothills impenetrable in many parts."[7]

Dr. Leonilo R. Palacio of Guinobatan's Republic Colleges mentioned in an essay entitled "Guinobatan and its Church" that "in 1672, the Parish of Guinobatan was already mentioned in books as a visita of the Municipality of Camalig."[8]

In 1890, the title of the gobernadorcillo was changed to Capitan Municipal. The Municipal Law of 1894 guaranteed that the term of the local executive would be extended from two years to four years. Also among the salient provisions of the law was the election of 12 vocales, equivalent to today's councilors. In 1895, the Colegio de San Buenaventura was also built, making Guinobatan the centre for higher education in Albay.[5]

Cabezas and principales elected the gobernadorcillo until 1863. Until 1847, Guinobatan belonged to Camarines. During the said year, the towns of Quipia, Camalig and Donsol (now in Sorsogon) were ceded to Albay, in exchange for the towns of the Partido de Lagonoy. From 1730 to 1818, the town transferred from one place to another. In 1730, it was on a site now called Binanuahan. From there, it was the relocated to Bubulusan. During the eruption of 1814, citizens opted to evacuate to higher ground, in Mauraro.

American colonization

[edit]

During the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War (1898-1911), most of the schoolhouses built by the Spaniards were destroyed by constant artillery fire, most of which came from the Americans. As part of the "pacification" campaign of the Americans, engineers and architects were sent to the Philippines to oversee the construction of public works. Engr. Edward K. Bourne and famed urban planner Daniel Burnham, among other American architects and engineers, were instructed to go to Manila. In response, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 268 which created the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings. Mr. Bourne was appointed as its head. In 1907, the Philippine Assembly was formed. Angel Roco of Mauraro, Guinobatan represented Albay in the Assembly. The same year, Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon of Nueva Ecija authored an act which appropriated ₱ 1 million between 1907 and 1915 for "construction of schoolhouses of strong materials in barrios with guaranteed daily attendance of not less than sixty pupils…" Passing into law as Act No. 1801, the act became known as the "Gabaldon Act". Among the salient provisions was that no school could receive more than ₱ 4,000 unless the municipality to which the school belonged contributed at least 50% of the total amount granted to the school by the Gabaldon Act. The Gabaldon Act stipulated that only on land owned by the municipality could schools be constructed. Fifty-one "Gabaldons" were completed by 1911, and by 1916, four hundred five more were constructed. Among those completed between 1911 and 1916 was Guinobatan Central School blg. 1 or the Guinobatan East Central School's Gabaldon Building.

Potenciano Gregorio's Bikol language musical composition "Sarung Banggi" premiered at the town fiesta in Guinobatan in August 1910.[9]

Education

[edit]

Presently, there are almost 45 Day Care Centers, 3 private pre-schools, 33 public elementary schools, 5 private elementary schools, 6 public high schools, 4 private high schools and 4 tertiary schools in the municipality.

Tertiary / Vocational / Technical Education

[edit]

The municipality has four tertiary schools:

  • The Colegio de San Buenaventura (1895-1900) it is located at the present site of St. Benedict's Academy, it is considered as the first tertiary institution in the Province of Albay. It first opened on January 7, 1895 with a population of 297 students and 14 instructors. During the Philippine-American war, Col. Ignacio Paua, set the instutition to ablaze due to the advancement of the American forces.
  • The Bicol University Guinobatan Campus (BU Guinobatan) is located in Barangay Ilawod, Morera and Mauraro, it was first established as the Guinobatan Rural High School by Dr. Felipe Cevallos as its founder and held its first classes on June 3, 1912 . It was renamed as Guinobatan Agricultural School in 1927; Roxas Memorial Agricultural School in 1950; Bicol University College of Agriculture (BUCA) in 1969 through RA 5521 and now known as Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry (BUCAF) because of the offering of Bachelor of Science in Forestry which started in 1991, and in 2022 it was renamed as the Bicol University Guinobatan Campus.
  • The Republic Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc. (RCGI) is a Non-sectarian institutions and is located at G. Alban st., Iraya, it was first established as the Republic Academy in 1947. It offers the following programs: MA in Education G.R. No. 74 s. 1979 – DCO, MA in Public Administration G.R. No. NA s. NA – NA, Bachelor in Elementary Education G.R. No. 165 s. 1970 – DCO, Bachelor in Secondary Education G.R. No. 194 s. 1966 – DCO, BS in Business Administration G.R. No. 195 s. 1966 – DCO, BS in Computer Science G.R. No. H-0008 s. 1996 - CRO
  • The PLT Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc. (PLTC), which offers technical and vocational, and criminology courses. It is located at Barangay San Francisco, Guinobatan, Albay.
  • The Guinobatan Community College (GComC), which will open in 2024, it will cater tertiary education to the underpriveledged and rural areas of the Municipalities of Guinobatan, Jovellar and Camalig, Albay.
  • The TESDA - Provincial Training Center (TESDA-PTC-Guinobatan) is a vocational institution located at San Francisco, Guinobatan, Albay.

Secondary Education

[edit]

Public High Schools

[edit]
  • Albay High School (1902) is a defunct institution, the American first opened the AHS at Guinobatan with a population of 52 students and 3 American Teachers, due to the cholera outbreak the institution shut down and was transferred to another municipality.
  • The Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School (MORMS) is located at Maharlika Highway, San Francsco, Guinobatan, and started as Albay High School Guinobatan (AHSG) in September, 1945 through the initiatives of Hon. Marcial O. Rañola, and Mayor Carlos Pardo. Mr. Jose Ramirez was the inaugural holder of school principal with 12 teachers for the 400 pioneer students. In 1948, the P.T.A. with Mr. Lorenzo Oliver, President purchased the 8 hectare lot which is the present site. In 1954, Hon. Pio Duran espoused the construction of the pre-fabricated buildings under Mr. Pacifico Y. Garcia, Principal. A.H.S.G. became an ICA-NEC pilot school and recipient of equipment, tools and appliances for Science and Technology subjects in 1959. In 1963, the school was nationalized by R.A. No. 3161 sponsored by Hon. Josefina Belmonte–Duran R.A. 3723 was also passed by her naming the school Pio Duran Memorial School in honor of the late Hon. Pio Duran, her predecessor in Congress and school benefactor. On June 17, 1967, R.A. No. 5055 sponsored by Hon. Belmonte-Duran named the school Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School to commemorate the precursor of this institution.
  • Masarawag National High School
  • Malipo National High School
  • Lower Binogsacan National High School
  • Mauraro High School
  • Bat-Bat National High School
  • Balite High School – Proposed new High School

Private High Schools

[edit]
  • St. Benedict’s Academy came into existence on May 22, 1958, through the combined efforts of Rt. Msgr. Demetrio Valeza and a few militant ladies of the Catholic Women's League, Guinobatan Unit who were bent on having a Catholic school in the town for the cultural and moral upliftment of the youth. The Benedictine Sisters were requested to administer the school. On June 1, 1958, the new school was blessed by Bishop Ariola of Legazpi. Classes began the next day. After two weeks, there were 25 little boys and girls in Kindergarten and 36 girls in the first year high school. Such were the auspicious beginnings of SBA. When the burgeoning school population could no longer be accommodated in two-room cabin, a modern concrete building was built in 1961. In that same year the High School Department began to include boys. In 1972, the foundation of two-story building for Elementary School was laid. Improvements were undertaken as the school continued to grow.
  • Republic Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc at G. Alban st. Iraya
  • Fide Christian Academy at Rizal st. Iraya
  • PLT Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc – SHS at Barangay San Francisco

Primary Education

[edit]

Public Elementary Schools

[edit]

Government

[edit]

Elected officials

[edit]
2022–2025 Guinobatan Municipal Officials
Position Name Party
Mayor Paul N. Garcia ♯ PDP
Vice Mayor Ann Y. Ongjoco + NUP
Councilors Kathleen Mae O. Padua + PDP
Julio S. Tingzon, IV ‹› NUP
Primo M. Pintor + NUP
Mary Ann G. Amano ‹› PDP
Marelen G. Flores + PDP
Robert M. Bañaga ‹› NUP
Ricky S. Matza + NUP
Rolando P. Palabrica ‹› PDP
Ex Officio Municipal Council Members
ABC President Reynaldo Namia (San Francisco) Nonpartisan
SK Federation President Keith John M. Pacardo (Inamnan Grande) Nonpartisan
Legend
  1. A + indicates that the official is elected for the first term
  2. A ♯ indicates that the official is re-elected to a higher position
  3. A ‹› indicates that the official is re-elected to the same position

Past Municipal Administrators

[edit]

Geography

[edit]

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 244.43 square kilometres (94.37 sq mi) [10] constituting 9.49% of the 2,575.77-square-kilometre- (994.51 sq mi) total area of Albay.

The town of Guinobatan is located at 13°11′N 123°36′E / 13.18°N 123.6°E / 13.18; 123.6. The territory of Guinobatan is bordered by a number of municipalities: Camalig on the east, Jovellar on the south, Pio Duran on the south-west, Ligao on the north-west. On the north-east, the town shares with Malilipot, Santo Domingo, Daraga, Tabaco and Legazpi, a common point in the crater of Mayon Volcano.[5] Guinobatan is 17 kilometres (11 mi) from Legazpi City and 510 kilometres (320 mi) from Manila.

Barangays

[edit]

Guinobatan is politically subdivided into 44 barangays.[11] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.


PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a.
2020[3] 2010[12]
050504001 Agpay 0.6% 482 451 ▴ 0.67%
050504002 Balite 0.7% 585 524 ▴ 1.11%
050504003 Banao 1.3% 1,074 1,018 ▴ 0.54%
050504004 Batbat 1.6% 1,373 1,314 ▴ 0.44%
050504005 Binogsacan Lower 2.2% 1,889 1,716 ▴ 0.96%
050504049 Binogsacan Upper 1.3% 1,131 1,067 ▴ 0.58%
050504006 Bololo 1.7% 1,442 1,363 ▴ 0.56%
050504007 Bubulusan 1.6% 1,399 1,189 ▴ 1.64%
050504009 Calzada 3.2% 2,787 2,662 ▴ 0.46%
050504010 Catomag 0.9% 796 713 ▴ 1.11%
050504011 Doña Mercedes 1.6% 1,411 1,472 ▾ −0.42%
050504012 Doña Tomasa (Magatol) 1.6% 1,352 1,197 ▴ 1.22%
050504013 Ilawod 2.6% 2,209 2,101 ▴ 0.50%
050504015 Inamnan Grande 2.5% 2,177 1,986 ▴ 0.92%
050504014 Inamnan Pequeño 2.0% 1,756 1,636 ▴ 0.71%
050504016 Inascan 1.7% 1,481 1,359 ▴ 0.86%
050504017 Iraya 2.1% 1,771 2,006 ▾ −1.24%
050504018 Lomacao 2.4% 2,096 2,002 ▴ 0.46%
050504021 Maguiron 2.5% 2,118 2,110 ▴ 0.04%
050504022 Maipon 4.6% 3,944 2,214 ▴ 5.94%
050504023 Malabnig 1.3% 1,145 1,117 ▴ 0.25%
050504024 Malipo 2.1% 1,760 1,690 ▴ 0.41%
050504025 Malobago 2.2% 1,867 1,818 ▴ 0.27%
050504026 Maninila 1.7% 1,482 1,437 ▴ 0.31%
050504027 Mapaco 1.7% 1,460 1,463 ▾ −0.02%
050504008 Marcial O. Rañola (Cabaloaon) 0.6% 537 633 ▾ −1.63%
050504029 Masarawag 4.4% 3,760 3,553 ▴ 0.57%
050504030 Mauraro 7.0% 5,980 5,145 ▴ 1.52%
050504031 Minto 2.0% 1,726 1,707 ▴ 0.11%
050504032 Morera 3.0% 2,602 1,878 ▴ 3.31%
050504034 Muladbucad Grande 2.4% 2,079 2,010 ▴ 0.34%
050504033 Muladbucad Pequeño 2.4% 2,051 1,920 ▴ 0.66%
050504035 Ongo 1.1% 942 930 ▴ 0.13%
050504036 Palanas 0.5% 427 736 ▾ −5.30%
050504038 Poblacion 1.6% 1,336 1,352 ▾ −0.12%
050504040 Pood 0.7% 583 287 ▴ 7.34%
050504042 Quibongbongan 3.0% 2,595 2,286 ▴ 1.28%
050504041 Quitago 2.6% 2,236 1,760 ▴ 2.42%
050504043 San Francisco 3.8% 3,302 2,909 ▴ 1.28%
050504044 San Jose (Ogsong) 1.0% 853 721 ▴ 1.70%
050504045 San Rafael 4.5% 3,884 3,880 ▴ 0.01%
050504046 Sinungtan 1.5% 1,312 1,398 ▾ −0.63%
050504047 Tandarora 1.5% 1,291 1,399 ▾ −0.80%
050504048 Travesia 4.5% 3,878 3,838 ▴ 0.10%
Total 85,786 75,967 ▴ 1.22%

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Guinobatan, Albay
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26
(79) 		27
(81) 		28
(82) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		28
(83)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(74)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 138
(5.4) 		83
(3.3) 		74
(2.9) 		50
(2.0) 		108
(4.3) 		165
(6.5) 		202
(8.0) 		165
(6.5) 		190
(7.5) 		186
(7.3) 		188
(7.4) 		183
(7.2) 		1,732
(68.3)
Average rainy days 16.8 11.9 13.5 13.8 20.5 25.2 27.4 26.2 26.1 24.7 20.7 18.5 245.3
Source: Meteoblue[13]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Guinobatan
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 20,027—    
1918 25,113+1.52%
1939 26,419+0.24%
1948 32,280+2.25%
1960 48,157+3.39%
1970 47,190−0.20%
1975 49,724+1.05%
1980 53,639+1.53%
1990 59,187+0.99%
1995 65,512+1.92%
2000 71,071+1.76%
2007 74,386+0.63%
2010 75,967+0.77%
2015 82,361+1.55%
2020 85,786+0.80%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[14][12][15][16]

In the 2020 census, Guinobatan had a population of 85,786.[3] The population density was 350 inhabitants per square kilometre (910/sq mi).

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Guinobatan

10
20
30
40
2006
39.10
2009
37.19
2012
26.85
2015
23.36
2018
25.61
2021
21.90

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Culture

[edit]
Guinobatan Museum

Guinobatan hosts an annual festival in the celebration of Our Lady of Assumption, its patron saint. Until 2013, the town festival was called "Arandurugan Festival." In August 2013, Guinobatan celebrated Longganisa Festival, named after the local product which is listed under the Department of Trade and Industry's "One Town, One Product" program.

Notable Personalities

[edit]
  • Francis Tolentino, former MMDA Chairmanship
  • Elizabeth Oropesa, an Actress
  • Mura, an actor and Comedian
  • Simeon Ola, considered as the Last General to Surrender
  • Marcial O. Rañola, former representative of the 3rd District of Albay
  • Pio S. Duran, former representative of the 3rd District of Albay
  • Dr. Felipe Cevallos, founder of the Guinobatan Rural High School
  • Ramon Paje, 19th DENR Secretary
  • Arpie Patriarca, singer, comedian and founder of Feed Hungry Minds.

References

[edit]
  1. ^  Municipality of Guinobatan | (DILG)
  2. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Census of Population (2020). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Dy and Tuson, 2012. Guinobatan Through the Times: Essays on Our Heritage. Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School
  6. ^ Municipality of Guinobatan. 1996. Arandurugan Festival Souvenir Program: Guinobatan, Albay
  7. ^ Mallari, Francisco, S.J. 1999. Vignettes of Bicol History. Quezon City: New DayPublishers
  8. ^ Dy and Tuson. 2012. Guinobatan Through the Times. Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School
  9. ^ Tariman, Pablo (June 3, 2013). "Bicolandia's Sarung Banggi: From music to film". The Philippine Star. Philstar Global Corp. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  10. ^ "Province: Albay". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  11. ^ "Municipal: Guinobatan". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region V (Bicol Region)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  13. ^ "Guinobatan, Albay : Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  14. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  15. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  16. ^ "Province of Albay". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  17. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  18. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  19. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  20. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  21. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  22. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  23. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  24. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
[edit]
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