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Heavy Metal
Jean-Michel Nicollet's cover for the first issue.
Current Editors
  • Dave Kelly (Executive Editor)
  • Frank Forte (Editor-in-Chief)
  • Chris Thompson (Editorial Manager, Brand and Licenses)
Former editors
FrequencyMonthly (1977–1985)
Circulation250,000 (2016)[1]
PublisherMatty Simmons (1977–1990)
Kevin Eastman (1992–c. 2020)
FounderLeonard Mogel
First issueApril 1977; 47 years ago (1977-04)
Final issueApril 2023; 1 year ago (2023-04)
Company
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
WebsiteHeavyMetal.com
ISSN0885-7822

Heavy Metal is an American science fantasy comics magazine, first published in 1977. The magazine is known primarily for its blend of dark fantasy, science fiction, erotica, and steampunk comics. Following a brief hiatus in 2023, it plans to relaunch in 2024 with new owners and a new editorial team consisting of Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson.[2]

Unlike the traditional American comic books of that time bound by the restrictive Comics Code Authority, the magazine-format Heavy Metal featured explicit nudity, sexual situations, and graphic violence. The magazine started out primarily as a licensed translation of the French science-fantasy magazine Métal hurlant, marking for many Americans their first introduction to the work of European cartoonists like Enki Bilal, Philippe Caza, Guido Crepax, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud (a.k.a. Moebius), Chantal Montellier, and Milo Manara.

Publication history

[edit]

National Lampoon

[edit]

After a 1975 European trip by National Lampoon (NL) contributor Tony Hendra expressing interest in European comics, the magazine's New York offices attracted significant European comic material. On 2 September 1976, NL editor Sean Kelly singled out the relatively new French comics anthology Métal hurlant (lit. 'Howling Metal', though Kelly translated it as "Screaming Metal")[3] and brought it to the attention of company president Leonard Mogel on 3 September, as Mogel was departing for Germany and France to jump-start the French edition of National Lampoon.[4] (Métal hurlant had debuted in early 1975 from Les Humanoïdes Associés (lit. 'United Humanoids'), an association of Philippe Druillet, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Jean Giraud (Mœbius), and financial director Bernard Farkas formed on 19 December 1974.)[5] Upon Mogel's return from Paris on 27 September, he reported that the French publishers had agreed to an English language version, and he suggested the title Heavy Metal for an April issue to be released in March 1977.[6]

Heavy Metal debuted in the US as a glossy, full-color monthly published by HM Communications, Inc., a subsidiary of Matty Simmons' Twenty First Century Communications, Inc.[7][a] The cover of the initial April 1977 issue declared itself to be "From the people who bring you the National Lampoon", and the issue primarily featured reprints from Métal hurlant, as well as material from National Lampoon, a colorized portion of Vaughn Bodē's Sunpot (1971), and an excerpt from Terry Brooks' The Sword of Shannara (1977).[9] Since the color pages from Métal hurlant had already been shot in France, the budget to reproduce them in the US version was greatly reduced.[citation needed]

In the late spring of 1980, Métal hurlant went bankrupt[10] and Heavy Metal severed its ties with its content partner.[11] Métal hurlant managed to keep publishing, however, and the two magazines reconciled in the summer of 1981.[12]

After running as a monthly for its first nine years up to the December 1985 issue, the magazine dropped to a quarterly schedule (winter, spring, summer, and fall) beginning in 1986, promising an increase in length and to feature only complete (rather than serialized) stories.[13][14]

Métal hurlant folded in the summer of 1987,[15][16] forcing Heavy Metal to expand its reach for new content.

Other HM Communications publications

[edit]

In 1977–1978, HM Communications published a number of trade paperback collections of translated material it had previously serialized in the pages of Heavy Metal:

In 1979, HM Communications released a number of graphic novels of original content:

In 1981, the company launched a new series, Heavy Metal Special Editions, which published 50 seasonal Heavy Metal specials until 2008.

Grodnik/Matheson, J2 Communications

[edit]

In late 1988/early 1989, film producer Daniel Grodnik and actor/producer Tim Matheson acquired voting control of 21.3 percent of National Lampoon Inc. stock,[20] were named to the company's board, and eventually took control of the company (by purchasing the ten-percent share — worth $760,000[21] — of Matty Simmons, who departed the company).[22][23]

During this period, publication of Heavy Metal increased from a quarterly to a bi-monthly schedule, citing a thirty-percent increase in circulation.[24]

A year later,[25] Grodnik/Matheson Co. sold the properties to J2 Communications, a home video producer and distributor founded by James P. Jimirro, with Grodnik and Matheson staying on for a period to run the new division.[26][27][28]

Kevin Eastman

[edit]

Kevin Eastman, co-creator of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, who had grown up reading Heavy Metal, bought the magazine for $500,000[29][21] in May 1992.[30] (In total, HM Communications published 137 issues in 15 volumes from April 1977 to March 1992.) Eastman's publishing entity Metal Mammoth, Inc., published the magazine from 1992 to 2014. Eastman also served as Heavy Metal's editor-in-chief for the bulk of this time (even into 2016, after he was no longer the owner).

Later developments

[edit]

In January 2014, Eastman sold the magazine to digital and music veteran David Boxenbaum and film producer Jeff Krelitz.[31] Eastman continued to serve as publisher of the magazine (until early 2020)[32] and was a minority investor in the new Heavy Metal,[31] which became at that point published by Heavy Metal Media, LLC.

In late 2019, Krelitz was no longer with the magazine, which was undergoing leadership churn.[33] In early 2020, Heavy Metal saw a regime change to CEO Matthew Medney and "Creative Overlord" David Erwin (formerly of DC Entertainment).[34] Medney and Erwin announced two new comics publishing ventures, Virus[35] and Magma Comix,[36] though neither line produced much material.

Heavy Metal's 300th issue, published in 2021, featured work by Tanino Liberatore, Mark Bodé, and Kent Williams, among others; and posthumous work by Richard Corben, Moebius, and Vaughn Bodē. It had interviews and testimonials from writers discussing the impact the magazine had on them as teenagers.[37]

Cancellation

[edit]

In the fall of 2022, the magazine entered into an agreement with online marketplace Whatnot to publish the following 12 issues of the magazine.[38] Soon afterward, the magazine announced it was "ceasing publication of what they described as the first volume of the magazine, which had been published continuously since 1977. The last issue of the first volume, number 320, was scheduled for publication in late October 2022 and the successor, Volume 2, would be published by WhatNot Publishing starting with issue 1 in February 2023."[39]

Amid cash flow problems, however, Heavy Metal shut down in December 2022. Initially intended to be a temporary suspension, the magazine worked to rectify subscription non-fulfillments and non-payments to artists and vendors. Medney stepped down as CEO, replaced by Marshall Lees and Jamie Penrose.[40]

In July 2023, with Whatnot's publishing division, Massive Publishing, only having produced one issue of Heavy Metal — #320, released in April of that year — it was announced that the publisher had decided to cancel the magazine and that #320 had been the final issue.[41][42]

Relaunch

[edit]

On October 15, 2024, Heavy Metal International, LLC announced that they are relaunching the magazine next year, and will run a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the first issue.

Artists and features

[edit]

Heavy Metal's high-quality artwork was notable. Work by international fine artists such as H. R. Giger, Frank Frazetta, and Esteban Maroto were featured on the covers of various issues. Stefano Tamburini and Tanino Liberatore's RanXerox series debuted in the States. Terrance Lindall's illustrated version of Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost appeared in the magazine in 1980.[43] Many stories were presented as long-running serials, such as those by Richard Corben, Pepe Moreno and Matt Howarth. Illustrators like Luis Royo and Alex Ebel contributed artwork over the course of their careers. An adaptation of the film Alien named Alien: The Illustrated Story, written by Archie Goodwin and drawn by Walter Simonson, was published in the magazine in 1979.

Here is a starting list of contributing artists featured in Heavy Metal:

Editors

[edit]

The founding editors of the American edition of Heavy Metal were Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant. Over the life of the magazine, the two editors with the longest tenures were Julie Simmons-Lynch (who was publisher Matty Simmons' daughter)[44] and Kevin Eastman, who was also the magazine's owner/publisher for more than 20 years.

The founding design director was Peter Kleinman (who served in the same capacity for National Lampoon). He created the original Heavy Metal logo design, at the request of Mogel, and was responsible for the launch and art direction of the first issue. Kleinman later hired designer and letterer John Workman, who brought to the magazine a background of experience at DC Comics and other publishers. Workman served as the magazine's art director from 1977 to 1984.[45] (His comics art, writing, lettering, coloring, and design work are evident throughout issues from that period.)

Founding editors Kelly and Marchant were replaced in August 1979[46] by Ted White,[47] who was hired to introduce non-fiction and prose fiction into the magazine.[48][49] White was fired[50] in August 1980,[51] replaced as editor by magazine founder Leonard Mogel.[52]

Julie Simmons-Lynch took over from Mogel in late 1981,[53] serving as Heavy Metal's editor-in-chief for more than eleven years, stepping down when Kevin Eastman bought the magazine.

With a few breaks, Eastman was chief editor for Heavy Metal from early 1993 until mid-2016. Comics writer Grant Morrison became the magazine's editor-in-chief beginning with the April 2016 issue,[54][1] serving through 2018. They later served as creative advisor.

By issue #298 (2020), Tim Seeley had become editor-in-chief but was out by the end of that year.[55] In 2021, Joseph Illidge took over as Executive Editor but left the company entirely by the end of 2022.[56]

Following the hiatus, all employees were let go and the company was dissolved. Heavy Metal International, LLC revived the brand in 2024 and subsequently announced new editors Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson would helm the magazine going forward.

Legacy

[edit]

Heavy Metal was widely credited for exposing many Americans/English-speakers to European comics[57] and the continent's top cartoonists.[58] As cartoonist and publisher Kevin Eastman said of the magazine, "Heavy Metal published European art that had not been previously seen in the United States, as well as demonstrating an underground comix sensibility that nonetheless wasn't as harsh or extreme as some of the underground comix – but ... definitely intended for an older readership".[59]

Creators like George Lucas,[60] Neil Gaiman,[61] and Steven Lisberger[62] have all discussed the influence of Heavy Metal on their later work.

The magazine was taken to task, however, for its juvenile stories,[63] violence, and misogynist portrayals of women. Entertainment Weekly described the magazine as, "a legendary sci-fi and fantasy comic magazine for adults... and perhaps precocious teens interested in more daring material, or who consider Wonder Woman a tad underdressed."[64] Critic R. M. Rhodes pointed out "the abundance of breasts in the magazine [was] somewhat of a running joke over the years."[65]

Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Heavy Metal had "charm" but decried its "sadism."[66] Writing about the magazine's early years, Rhodes discussed the voluminous number of pieces in which "the amount of rape (and stories where attempted rape drives the action).... I really didn't keep track of how often it happens, but any number more than 'none' is usually a bad sign. Tragically, it's mostly used as just another plot point, with no mention or indication of the consequences."[65]

In other media

[edit]

Films

[edit]
Main article: Heavy Metal (film)

In 1981, an animated feature film was adapted from several of the magazine's serials. Made on a budget of U.S. $9.3 million and under production for three years, Heavy Metal features animated segments from several different animation houses, with each contributing a single story segment. Another house animated the frame story which ties all the disparate stories together. Another animated feature film called Heavy Metal 2000 was released in 2000.

During 2008[67][68] and into 2009,[69] reports circulated that David Fincher and James Cameron would executive produce and, each, direct two of the eight to nine segments of a new animated Heavy Metal feature. Kevin Eastman was to also direct a segment, as well as animator Tim Miller, Zack Snyder, Gore Verbinski and Guillermo del Toro. Paramount Pictures decided to stop funding the film by August 2009[70] and no distributor or production company has shown interest in the second sequel, since.[71] In 2011, filmmaker Robert Rodriguez purchased the film rights to Heavy Metal and planned to develop a new animated film at the new Quick Draw Studios.[72]

An animated 3D film entitled War of the Worlds: Goliath, created as a sequel to H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds and based on a story previously published in the magazine, was produced by The Tripod Group and released in Malaysia in 2012.[73][74]

The series "Interceptor" is being adapted into a film.[75]

In March 2019, the Fincher project was released as a reimagining television series, titled Love, Death & Robots.[76]

In March 2021, Heavy Metal announced its first move into television with an adaptation of Blake Northcott's trilogy of novels, the Arena Mode Saga. The first book was in active development after optioning the rights to the sci-fi thriller.[77]

Video games

[edit]

Heavy Metal 2000 inspired a video game sequel released in 2000, the PC action-adventure Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.². It was developed by Ritual Entertainment.

In 2001, Capcom released Heavy Metal: Geomatrix, an arcade fighting game that later made its way to Sega's Dreamcast console. Though not based on any specific material from Heavy Metal, it featured character designs by frequent contributor Simon Bisley and a style generally inspired by the magazine.

In 2020, Stern Pinball and the production company Incendium released a pinball machine commemorating the 300th issue of Heavy Metal, featuring Taarna and Cold Dead War (2021).[78][79] The made to order machine, with a playfield based on the Stern Star Wars release, sold for eight-thousand dollars and shipped in late 2020 along with an exclusive variant cover edition of Heavy Metal issue #300.[80][81]

Podcast network

[edit]

In 2021, Heavy Metal launched a podcast network featuring scripted and unscripted shows that focused on horror, fantasy, sci-fi, comedy, and pop culture.[82]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In late 1979, Twenty First Century Communications Inc. was renamed National Lampoon Inc.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Schmidt, Gregory (September 4, 2016). "Heavy Metal Magazine, Long a Provocateur, Returns to Its Roots". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Fang, Sam (October 15, 2024). "EXCLUSIVE: Legendary Magazine Heavy Metal Returns with New Lineup". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  3. ^ "Screaming Metal". The Comics Journal. No. 94. October 1984. pp. 58–84.
  4. ^ Hendra, Tony; Kelly, Sean, eds. (March 1977). "Heavy Metal Preview". National Lampoon. National Lampoon Inc. pp. 91–102.
  5. ^ Kelly, Sean; Marchant, Valerie, eds. (April 1977). "Origins". Heavy Metal. Vol. 1, no. 1. HM Communications Inc. p. 3.
  6. ^ Lofficier, Jean-Marc (March 16, 1996). "Giving Credit to Mogel". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022.
  7. ^ "New Graphic Fantasy Magazine". Locus. Vol. 10, no. 2 (no. 199). February 1977. p. 1.
  8. ^ Dougherty, Philip H. (September 12, 1979). "Advertising". New York Times. sec. D, p.12.
  9. ^ "Origins". Heavy Metal. No. 1. April 1977. p. 3.
  10. ^ "Metal Hurlant Goes Bankrupt". The Comics Journal. No. 56. May 1980. p. 16.
  11. ^ "Heavy Metal Severs Ties with Metal Hurlant". The Comics Journal. No. 57. June 1980. p. 11.
  12. ^ "Reconciled with Metal Hurlant". The Comics Journal. No. 64. July 1981. p. 12.
  13. ^ Simmons-Lych, Julie; Mogel, Leonard (December 1985). "Editorial". Heavy Metal. Vol. 9, no. 9. HM Communications Inc. p. 3.
  14. ^ "Heavy Metal Switches Formats, Raises Prices, Drops Frequency". The Comics Journal. No. 102. September 1985. p. 20.
  15. ^ "Metal Hurlant Folds". The Comics Journal. No. 117. September 1987. pp. 23–24.
  16. ^ "The Rise and Fall: Metal Hurlant". The Comics Journal. No. 117. September 1987. p. 24.
  17. ^ 1941: The Illustrated Story. Heavy Metal/Arrow Books. December 1979. ISBN 0930834089.
  18. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (April 22, 2016). "Remembering Heavy Metal's Alien: The Illustrated Story". flashbak. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  19. ^ Plowright, Frank. "THE SWORDS OF HEAVEN, THE FLOWERS OF HELL". The Slings & Arrows Graphic Novel Guide.
  20. ^ Farhi, Paul (December 30, 1988). "A Funny Twist for National Lampoon Inc". Archived from the original on February 1, 2022.
  21. ^ a b Rhodes, RM (April 22, 2018). "And Then Heavy Metal was Bought by Kevin Eastman". ComicsDC.
  22. ^ Staff writer (March 17, 1989). "An Actor Acquires Control of National Lampoon Inc". The New York Times. sec.D, p.5.
  23. ^ Delugach, Al (March 17, 1989). "Film Producers Matheson and Grodnik Buy Control of National Lampoon Inc". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022.
  24. ^ Simmons-Lynch, Julie (Winter 1989). "Editorial". Heavy Metal. Vol. 12, no. 4. HM Communications Inc. p. 3.
  25. ^ "Heavy Metal on Auction Block". The Comics Journal. No. 132. November 1989. p. 15.
  26. ^ Staff writer (March 10, 1990). "National Lampoon Acquisition Set". New York Times. sec.1, p.33.
  27. ^ McNary, Dave (October 26, 1990). "New owner takes over National Lampoon". United Press International. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022.
  28. ^ Britell, Penny (January 12, 1994). "J2's branching out". Variety. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018.
  29. ^ "THE KEVIN EASTMAN INTERVIEW PART 2". The Comics Journal. No. 202. Interviewed by Gary Groth. March 1998 – via TCJ website (January 3, 2012).
  30. ^ "Eastman Buying Heavy Metal". Newswatch. The Comics Journal. No. 148. February 1992. p. 23.
  31. ^ a b Graser, Marc (January 17, 2014). "From Print to Producer: Heavy Metal Magazine Finds Buyers and New Future in Hollywood (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
  32. ^ Johnston, Rich (March 5, 2020). "How Kevin Eastman Found Out He Was No Longer Publisher of Heavy Metal Magazine".
  33. ^ Johnston, Rich (October 29, 2019). "In Wake of Heavy Metal CEO Jeff Krelitz's Absence, Senior Editor Hannah Means-Shannon Quits". Bleeding Cool.
  34. ^ MCMILLAN, GRAEME (March 4, 2020). "David Erwin Named Publisher of Heavy Metal". The Hollywood Reporter.
  35. ^ Ayres, Andrea (April 24, 2020). "HEAVY METAL ANNOUNCES BOLD NEW CREATOR-OWNED COMICS IMPRINT, VIRUS (EXCLUSIVE)". SyFy.
  36. ^ Kaplan, Avery (October 8, 2020). "TIPTON to head MAGMA COMIX, HEAVY METAL's new creator-owned imprint: The former IDW managing editor will lead the imprint's launch in spring 2021". The Beat.
  37. ^ "All Star Special". Heavy Metal. No. 300. HME/Heavy Metal Media, LLC. 2021.
  38. ^ Salkowitz, Rob (October 6, 2022). "Heavy Metal Inks Publishing Partnership with Whatnot". Publishers Weekly.
  39. ^ Rhodes, RM (August 7, 2023). "The Uncertain Death of Heavy Metal Magazine: A look at what looks like the demise of Heavy Metal magazine, and the strange road that led to this". The Beat.
  40. ^ MacDonald, Heidi (January 17, 2023). "Matthew Medney Steps Down at Heavy Metal Amid Creator Accusations: Marshall Lees and Jamie Penrose are taking over operations for now". Comics Beat.
  41. ^ Johnston, Rich (July 17, 2023). "Whatnot Massive Cancels Heavy Metal: Will Not Publish Volume Two". Bleeding Cool.
  42. ^ Chiu-Tabet, Christopher (July 19, 2023). "'Heavy Metal' Magazine Canceled as Magma Comix Goes Independent". Multiversity Comics.
  43. ^ Williamsburg Art & Historical Center with Lindall's illustrations for Paradise Lost
  44. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (May 1, 2020). "Matty Simmons, a Force Behind 'Animal House,' Is Dead at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  45. ^ Arndt, Richard J. "A 2005 Interview with Steve Bissette About Bizarre Adventures!". Enjolrasworld.com: Marvel’s Black & White Horror Magazines Checklist. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  46. ^ "Heavy Metal Fires Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant, Hires Ted White". The Comics Journal. No. 50. October 1979. p. 16.
  47. ^ "Ted White to Edit Heavy Metal". Locus. Vol. 12, no. 6 (no. 223). July–August 1979. p. 1.
  48. ^ Kemske, Floyd (November 1979). "End of Fiction at Heavy Metal". Science Fiction Times. Vol. 1, no. 5. pp. 1, 19.
  49. ^ "White Discusses Heavy Metal's Future". The Comics Journal. No. 50. October 1979. pp. 17–18.
  50. ^ "Heavy Metal Axes Ted White". Locus. Vol. 13, no. 8 (no. 236). August 1980. pp. 1, 10.
  51. ^ White, Ted (January 2000). "My Year at Heavy Metal". Beyond the Grid. The Comics Journal. No. 219. pp. 107–117.
  52. ^ "Len Mogel Takes Over Heavy Metal from Ted White". The Comics Journal. No. 59. October 1980. p. 17.
  53. ^ Greenberger, Robert (January 1982). "Clearing the Clouds Away". Comics Scene. No. 1. Starlog Group. pp. 46–49, 64. Heavy Metal is on the upswing with both the movie's release and a refocused outlook — the magazine examined with editor Julie Simmons-Lynch.
  54. ^ Jensen, Jeff (July 6, 2015). "Heavy Metal is getting a punk rock facelift under new editor Grant Morrison". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  55. ^ Johnston, Rich (March 12, 2020). "SCOOP: Tim Seeley is the New Editor-In-Chief of Heavy Metal Magazine". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  56. ^ Johnston, Rich (February 24, 2023). "Joe Illidge Leaves Heavy Metal Magazine, Talks To Bleeding Cool". Bleeding Cool.
  57. ^ "Eyes of the Cat". Taboo. No. 4. Wilmington, VT: Spiderbaby Grafix & Publications. January 1990. ISBN 0922003033.
  58. ^ Beaty, Bart (February 1999). "Positive Signs: Ten Worthy Translation Projects". The Comics Journal. No. 210. pp. 125–129.
  59. ^ Wiater, Stanley; Bissette, Stephen R., eds. (1993). Comic Book Rebels: Conversations with the Creators of the New Comics. Donald I. Fine, Inc. ISBN 1-55611-355-2.
  60. ^ Lucas, George (1989). "Introduction". In Preiss, Byron (ed.). The Art of Mœbius. Marvel Enterprises. ISBN 978-0871356109.
  61. ^ "Remembering Moebius". journal.neilgaiman.com. March 10, 2012.
  62. ^ Sadoul, Numa (January 1991). Mœbius: Entretiens avec Numa Sadoul (in French) (Updated, expanded and revised version of the 1976 Albin Michel ed.). Tournai: Casterman. p. 198. ISBN 2203380152.
  63. ^ Austen, Jake (July 11, 2014). "Fantagraphics collects all 13 issues of 'witzend'". Chicago Tribune.
  64. ^ Jensen, Jeff (April 7, 2016). "Heavy Metal magazine: Grant Morrison's debut issue revealed". Entertainment Weekly.
  65. ^ a b Rhodes, RM (June 15, 2016). "Sex, Violence, Druuna". The Hooded Utilitarian.
  66. ^ Benson, Sheila (August 7, 1981). "'Heavy Metal' ... And the Zap Goes On". -Los Angeles Times. p. section VI, p. 9.
  67. ^ Fleming, Michael (March 13, 2008). "Par, Fincher put pedal to 'Metal' Eastman, Miller to direct animated segments". Variety. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
  68. ^ Billington, Alex (September 4, 2008). "Zack Snyder, Gore Verbinski, Guillermo del Toro Directing Heavy Metal Segments?". firstshowing.net. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
  69. ^ Fleming, Mike (March 12, 2010). "Fincher Brings Mettle To Passion Project". Deadline.
  70. ^ AFP (March 16, 2008). "Heavy Metal comic to become a film". ABC.net. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014.
  71. ^ MTV News (August 25, 2010). "David Fincher Can't Get Funding for "Heavy Metal"". worstpreviews.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
  72. ^ Film School Rejects (July 21, 2011). "SDCC: Robert Rodriguez Takes Heavy Metal". comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  73. ^ Heavy Metal Magazine Fan Page (November 7, 2010). "War of the Worlds: Goliath". heavymetalmagazinefanpage.com. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  74. ^ Heavy Metal Magazine (November 7, 2010). "War of the Worlds: Goliath, an Animated Steampunk Epic". Heavy Metal. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  75. ^ MCMILLAN, GRAEME (October 9, 2015). "Heavy Metal Developing Sci-Fi Vampire Comic 'Interceptor' For The Screen (Exclusive)". hollywoodreporter.com.
  76. ^ Schwartz, Terri (March 16, 2019). "HOW DAVID FINCHER AND TIM MILLER'S HEAVY METAL REBOOT BECAME NETFLIX'S LOVE, DEATH & ROBOTS". IGN. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  77. ^ White, Peter (March 26, 2021). "Iconic Sci-Fi Comic Brand Heavy Metal Moves into TV with Adaptation of Blake Northcott's 'Arena Mode Saga'".
  78. ^ Staff writer (June 15, 2020). "Stern Pinball & Incendium Announce First Official Heavy Metal Pinball Machine". Stern Pinball. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020.
  79. ^ Staff writer (June 15, 2020). "At Last — the Heavy Metal Pinball Machine We've Always Needed!". Heavy Metal. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020.
  80. ^ Staff writer (June 15, 2020). "The Heavy Metal Pinball Table". Incendium. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021.
  81. ^ Ayub, Martin (June 15, 2020). "Heavy Metal Revealed". Pinball News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020.
  82. ^ Brooke, David (April 22, 2021). "Heavy Metal Entertainment to launch 'Heavy Metal Magazine: The Podcast' • AIPT". Retrieved January 4, 2022.

Sources

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